Shoulder and Upper Arm

Telemedicine was originally created as a way to treat patients who were located in remote places, far away from local health facilities or in areas of with shortages of medical professionals. While telemedicine is still used today to address these problems, it is increasingly becoming a tool for convenient medical care (Ekeland et al., Int J Med Inform 79(11):736-771, 2010). With emergence of pandemics as COVID-19, telemedicine became almost mandatory, a valuable option for continuous medical care provided in various specialties (Ekeland et al., Int J Med Inform 79(11):736-771, 2010). Shoulder examination and assessment is one of the most applicable regions to be assessed through telemedicine approach. A lot of orthopedic cases are seeking medical advice due to various shoulder problems. Virtual orthopedic assessment of different shoulder pathologies would improve patient's quality of life through reaching accurate diagnosis as much as possible and offering appropriate way of management whether conservative or surgical treatment (Sathiyakumar et al., J Orthop Trauma 29(3):e139-e145, 2015). Virtual orthopedic assessment depends on three items: History taking which has very high impact in telemedicine to guide the physician throughout the whole assessment session. Examination is the next step of assessment which for sure will be adjusted to match the situation of virtual way of examining the patients without touch. After fulfillment of these data, physician will order the required investigations whether laboratory or radiological to reach the final diagnosis (Buvik et al., J Med Internet Res 21(2):e11330, 2019). Through this chapter, we will introduce the role of telemedicine in assessment of various shoulder pathologies through systematic virtual shoulder assessment. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022, corrected publication 2022.

Dealing with Children and Noncompliant Patients

Decisions in pediatric orthopedic assessment are far more important than incisions, and these depend largely on an examiner's ability to leverage their experience to reach a definitive diagnosis. Telemedicine can be used to diagnose many pediatric orthopedic disorders and can be used in follow-up care after medical and surgical treatments. Its importance has increased dramatically with the uprising of Covid-19 pandemic (Güler and übeyli, J Med Syst 26(3):199-220, 2002;Daruwalla et al., JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2(2):e28, 2014). However, an initial face-to-face assessment is recommended especially in complicated case where the diagnosis is uncertain, such as suspected neuromuscular disorders like cerebral palsy. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022, corrected publication 2022.

Spine

With pandemic appearance of Covid-19, the keep of distancing becomes a standard measure to seize the infection spread. As the threats of pandemic progress have continued for months and probably may be for years, it is essential to validate existing tools to maintain the clinical assessment and, hence, patient treatment to avoid negative consequences of the lack of medical follow-up especially in patients of spine disorders. Therefore, establishment of a virtual assessment technique that can be conducted effectively is of outmost importance as a way of adaptation in the current situations. In this chapter, we conduct a systematic approach for the proper assessment of patients with spine disorders virtually using telemedicine (Dallolio et al., Arch Phys Med Rehabil 89(12):2332-2341, 2008;Patterson et al., Br J Neurosurg 14(6):552-554, 2000). © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022, corrected publication 2022.

The Effects of Spatial Planning, Well-Being, and Behavioural Changes During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic

COVID-19 poses a massive challenge to urban public-health emergency and governance systems. Urban planners and policymakers engaged in spatial planning and management should carefully consider how a "people-oriented" principle can be incorporated into spatial-planning systems to reduce the negative impacts on both cities and people. However, there is limited literature discussing the aforementioned issues, particularly using qualitative methods. Therefore, this research aims to explore the implications of COVID-19 on spatial planning, well-being, and behavioural change using Changchun as a case study. Semi-structured interviews are used to examine the views and insights of 23 participants. Our results show that, first, the shift to home working has changed people's way of life, affected their subjective well-being, and significantly affected spatial planning within cities, placing greater demands on architectural design and community spatial planning. Therefore, additional open public spaces and a more supportive infrastructure are required. Second, it is found that Changchun has not established an effective community-based spatial planning system, something which should have been taken into consideration in the master plan for the future. Third, our findings suggest that being a resilient city is vital for the sustainable development of second-tier cities like Changchun, which is reflected in urban development patterns, disaster prevention, and long-term functional layout, among other aspects. This study contributes to the existing literature on resilient cities, particularly from the perspective of sustainability with regard to resilience to and recovery from major urban crises. In terms of policy implications, planning departments should work with public health and public safety departments to formulate guidelines and management rules in order to improve the spatial planning of cities during periods of extraordinary change and challenge.